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| The Tibetan Plateau Surface-Atmosphere Coupling System and Its Weather and Climate Effects: The Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment |
| Ping ZHAO1, Yueqing LI2, Xueliang GUO1, Xiangde XU1, Yimin LIU3, Shihao TANG4, Wenming XIAO5, Chunxiang SHI5, Yaoming MA6, Xing YU7, Huizhi LIU3, La JIA8, Yun CHEN9, Yanju LIU10, Jian LI1, Dabiao LUO8, Yunchang CAO11, Xiangdong ZHENG1, Junming CHEN1, An XIAO12, Fang YUAN5, Donghui CHEN5, Yang PANG5, Zhiqun HU1, Shengjun ZHANG1, Lixin DONG4, Juyang HU4, Shuai HAN5, and Xiuji ZHOU1 |
1. State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081;
2. Chengdu Institute of Plateau Meteorology of the China Meteorological Administration, Chengdu 610072;
3. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029;
4. National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081;
5. National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081;
6. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101;
7. Meteorological Institute of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710014;
8. Meteorological Observatory of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000;
9. National Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081;
10. National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081;
11. Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081;
12. Jiangxi Meteorological Observatory, Nanchang 330096 |
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Abstract The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a key area affecting forecasts of weather and climate in China and occurrences of extreme weather and climate events over the world. The China Meteorological Administration, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly initiated the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ) in 2013, with an 8-10-yr implementation plan. Since its preliminary field measurements conducted in 2013, routine automatic sounding systems have been deployed at Shiquanhe, Gaize, and Shenzha stations in western TP, where no routine sounding observations were available previously. The observatio-nal networks for soil temperature and soil moisture in the central and western TP have also been established. Meanwhile, the plateau-scale and regional-scale boundary layer observations, cloud-precipitation microphysical observations with multiple radars and aircraft campaigns, and tropospheric-stratospheric air composition observations at multiple sites, were performed. The results so far show that the turbulent heat exchange coefficient and sensible heat flux are remarkably lower than the earlier estimations at grassland, meadow, and bare soil surfaces of the central and western TP. Climatologically, cumulus clouds over the main body of the TP might develop locally instead of originating from the cumulus clouds that propagate northward from South Asia. The TIPEX-Ⅲ observations up to now also reveal diurnal variations, macro-and microphysical characteristics, and water-phase transition mechanisms, of cumulus clouds at Naqu station. Moreover, TIPEX-Ⅲ related studies have proposed a maintenance mechanism responsible for the Asian "atmospheric water tower" and demonstrated the effects of the TP heating anomalies on Afri-can, Asian, and North American climates. Additionally, numerical modeling studies show that the Γ distribution of raindrop size is more suitable for depicting the TP raindrop characteristics compared to the M-P distribution, the overestimation of sensible heat flux can be reduced via modifying the heat transfer parameterization over the TP, and considering climatic signals in some key areas of the TP can improve the skill for rainfall forecast in the central and eastern parts of China. Furthermore, the TIPEX-Ⅲ has been promoting the technology in processing surface observations, soundings, and radar observations, improving the quality of satellite retrieved soil moisture and atmospheric water vapor content products as well as high-resolution gauge-radar-satellite merged rainfall products, and facilitating the meteorological monitoring, forecasting, and data sharing operations.
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Received: 14 November 2018
Published Online: 25 June 2019
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| Supported by: Supported by the China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund for The Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ)—Boundary Layer and Tropospheric Observations (GYHY201406001) |
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Corresponding Authors:
Ping ZHAO
E-mail: zhaop@cma.gov.cn
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